Counseling theory Essays - Clinical Psychology, Gestalt Therapy

Counseling theory Week 7 Case Study center850009088120 Feburary 19th, 2017 Denisha Sydney 1000000 Feburary 19th, 2017 Denisha Sydney CASE STUDY - CHAPTER 8 - GESTALT THERAPY KAREN: Anxiety over choosing for herself 1). What do you see as Karen's basic conflict? How would you summarize the nature of her struggle? Child roles vs Adult roles: Catholic morals vs non-Catholic morals Asian influences vs Western influences Karen stated that she felt self-conscious, weak willed, lacking i n assertiveness and dependent. Gradually Karen will beco me aware of her passivity through this exercise, and her tendency to allow others t o dictate how she should live. S he explained some of the value s that she saw in behaving in accordance with the beliefs of her parents. She wanted to make her own choices, but she wanted her parent's approval to do so. She was afraid that they would not tolerate her decisions. She explained that some of her parent's expectations included having supervised dates with young men, living at home until she was married, preferably marrying a Japanese man, wearing skirts and dresses and generally keeping a feminine appearance. 2). Do you think that in some ways she might be looking to you as another authority figure to tell her that it is all right for her to reject some of the moral codes she was taught and to follow her own? How might you test out this possibility? How could you help her without becoming another source of either approval or disapproval for her? Since I am a Western, non-Catholic woman and realises my own biases in these arguments may lead her to influence Karen's away from traditional, Asian and Catholic codes of living. I would consider that Karen may be looking to me s someone in authority to grant her permission to act more in accordance with her own views. I would therefore start with a warm up exercise with Karen. I would ask Karen to summarise the way she was feeling about herself. I would discuss these opinions further with Karen and ask her questions such as "How are you dependent? Who is responsible for your self-consciousness? What do you take responsibility for?" Karen would become aware of her passivity through this exercise, and her tendency to allow others to dictate how she should live. I would then ask Karen to use the "I take responsibility for." exercise where she repeated out-loud, all the current feelings that she was responsible for. I would also encourage Karen to take responsibility for the goals she wanted to achieve. I would also add some responsibilities of my own such as: I am responsible for helping you explore your blockages. I am responsible for allowing you to make your own choices. I will not take responsibility for your decision making. 3). This case raises several key issues for you to consider, a few of which are: a. Can you respect her cultural values and at the same time help her make the changes she wants, even if they go against some of her traditions? Yes, I would respect her cultural values. In fact, we are all members of various cultural groups and our cultural identities develop based on the influence of these memberships. Like most things that make you who you are, the development of your cultural identity is an ongoing process. As we are exposed to different sets of beliefs and values, we may adopt other cultural beliefs that were not part of our original makeup. In this way, culture is dynamic and complex. b. Perhaps the values of her culture specify that women should be somewhat reserved, unassertive, emotionally restrained, and deferential to authority. Would you attempt to help her adjust to these cultural norms, or would you encourage her to live by a new set of standards? I would allow her to take sides of her assertive vs unassertive self . In fact, we are all members of various cultural groups and our cultural identities develop based on the influence of these memberships. Like most things that make you who you are, the development of your cultural identity is an ongoing process. As we are exposed to different sets of beliefs and values,

Kobe Earthquake Essays - Seismology, Great Hanshin Earthquake

Kobe Earthquake Essays - Seismology, Great Hanshin Earthquake Kobe Earthquake An earthquake is defined as a shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin. In the case of the Great Hyogo (Hanshin) earthquake of Kobe, Japan it is tectonic in origin. This devastating earthquake which occurred on the 17th of January at 5:46 a.m measured at a whopping 7 (7.2) on the Richter scale. This was the largest recorded earthquake to ever hit Japan. According to the Japan Meteorological its epicentre was in 34.6 north and 135.0 east in the northern tip of Awaji Island with a focal depth of 14 km. According to the results of the recorded in 24 observation centre, the fracture which triggered the earthquake was happened inside the Nojima Fault. Also investigation in the sea bed by the Ocean observatory Centre shows that the cracks occurred in Nojima Fault. This fault forms a part of a group of faults known as the Rokko Fault', which extends from Awaji Island through Kobe City to the foot of Mount Rokko. The movement of the fault can be explained by the Tectonic characteristic of west Japan. The main reason for the big earthquakes in west part of Japan are the tectonic activities of the Eurasian, the Pacific, the North America and the Philippine plates. The collision between these plates in the central part of Honshu (Japan main island) is the main source of strain accumulation in the crust of western part of Japan. Casualty figures quickly mounted by the hour and when it was all said and done 5,472 people had lost their lives and 415,000 people were left injured. By the fourth day after the earthquake about 310,000 residents spent the night at 1,077 refugee centres. More than 350 fires broke out wiping out around 100 hectares of densely populated area. Fire fighting was virtually ineffective due to an inadequate water supply and access to fires. Lifeline facilities were severely damaged over a large area and following the earthquake, 900,000 households were left without electricity, 850,000 households were without gas, and water supply cuts affected about 2.5 million people. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) Corp.'s 160,000 lines out of 800,000 lines were out of order. The damage to major infrastructure, especially to the elevated expressway and shinkansen (bullet train) tracks, shocked engineers, planners and the general public. According to news reports its tracks were damaged at 42 locations. The first Shinkansen train was to run 30 minutes after the time of the earthquake. Had the disaster occurred few hours later, with an average capacity of about 1,600 passengers/train, casualty rate could have been much higher. Sections of elevated Hanshin expressway toppled virtually cutting off major transport lines to the affected areas. A contiguous section supported by eighteen single columns had fallen sideways in Higashi Nada-ku. Modern buildings and structures retrofitted with up-to-date engineering techniques fared well in the Great Hyogo quake. Much of the damage occurred in traditionally built older homes and in areas near the coast where liquefaction of the soil caused instability in structures. A large number of reinforced concrete structures were completely devastated. The economic damage estimates vary from around 100 - 150 billion dollars US. The most extensively and severely damaged structures were smaller commercial buildings (often with residences upstairs) constructed with limited engineering design and traditional homes. The smaller commercial and mixed occupancy buildings are typically framed with wood or light steel and have walls of stucco over wood slats. Many of these buildings have a large shop window in the front and lack interior walls, factors which weaken the first floor. Traditional homes, typically those built before the 1970s, have heavy tile roofs with tiles set in a thick clay and mud mortar, few partitions, and are not waterproofed which causes widespread dry rot and water damage. Little nailing is used; wood joinery is more common. Many casualties were found in damaged and collapsed traditional homes. The heavy tile roofs stressed the walls, which cracked, crumbled and often collapsed, triggering fires from broken gas pipes. The Kobe earthquake exposed more modern and engineered buildings to stronger forces than any previous earthquake. The preliminary report indicates more studies are needed to evaluate seismic codes, design practice and construction

Economic Portfolio - Economic Growth Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Portfolio - Economic Growth - Coursework Example Usually, the monetary policy is executed by the central bank, through its capacity as the financial sector regulator or through its participation in the government deficit financing and open market operation. Both the Fiscal and monetary policies are very essential not only due to their macroeconomic implications but also they are important in determining the policy remit of the state, direction and level of economic transfers which intern influence the overall distribution of wealth and income as well as the level of economic activities and the structure of employment. According to Keynesian macroeconomics, The monetary and physical policies can be relied upon in controlling aggregate demand (AD) and even the change in general price level of commodities i.e. inflation rate, with the view of stabilizing price and achieving full employment. Generally in a closed economy, aggregate demand (AD) include three major elements which are; investment (I) consumption (C) and government spendin g (G). Where as, for an open economy, AD includes exports (X) and imports (Z) which gives nets export (NX) as the sum of the two. Most probably, C is always a positive function of the disposable (post-tax) income, which is negatively correlated i.e. negative output gap (NOG) with interest rate level. On the other hand the reverse will give a positive output gap (POG). For instance, when consumer’s mortgage and credit becomes so expensive, the disposable income will definitely fall and this will make consumption to decline proportionate to it. In most cases, the AD curve will exhibit a negative slope in the price-output or price-income (P-Y) space; this is due to the fact that, when prices increase, the real money supply (M/P) will decline. Thus, in order to restore the normal equilibriums between money demand and supply, the rate of interest has to rise. Immediately this happens, funds will become very expensive and both I and C decline as shown in diagram 1. Figure 3: Aggreg ate demand According to this model, it assumes that the economy is operating at a high level of employment or very depressed. Considering the above, the aggregate supply (AS) curve is so parallel to the P-Y space and firms will be willing to supply any amount at the prevailing prices. This shows that the output gap (income) is determined using the AD curve as shown at point E in figure 2. Figure 2: Aggregate supply and demand. If the economy starts operating at a level bellow capacity, the government must relax it’s monetary or fiscal policy stance i.e. increase the rate of taxation, lower the interest rate or increase expenditures so as to raise I, G or C. This will definitely cause a shift of the AD curve to the right, increasing output level, demand and employment (L) in the economy as shown in figure 3. Conservatively, if inflation is threatening to take off and unemployment is abnormally low, the government must consider tightening its monetary and fiscal policies. The r esulting spending will cut down the higher interest rate or tax rate thus; limiting the existing inflationary pressures as illustrated bellow. Figure 3: Fine-tuning aggregate demand. Incase the government decides to manipulate its monetary and fiscal policy stance completely, and then it must be able to eliminate the economic cycle as well as